Topology refers to the branch of mathematics that deals with the properties and relationships of space, particularly regarding the properties that are preserved under continuous transformations. In simpler terms, it is the study of the geometric properties of objects that remain unchanged when they are bent, stretched, or deformed.

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In the context of computer science and networking, topology refers to the arrangement or configuration of the components or nodes in a network. It describes how the devices, such as computers, servers, routers, and switches, are interconnected and how data flows between them. Network topology can be physical or logical.
Physical topology refers to the actual physical layout of devices and the way they are physically connected. Common physical topologies include:

Bus Topology: Devices are connected to a common backbone, forming a linear structure

Star Topology: Devices are connected to a central hub or switch.




Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a closed loop, where each device is connected to two neighboring devices.



Mesh Topology: Devices are connected to each other directly, creating multiple paths between devices.



Tree Topology: Devices are arranged in a hierarchical tree-like structure, with a root node and branches.

Logical topology, on the other hand, refers to how data flows between devices, regardless of their physical placement. Common logical topologies include:
Ethernet: Devices are connected using Ethernet protocol, with data packets being transmitted based on MAC addresses.
Token Ring: Devices form a ring, and data is passed sequentially from one device to another using a token.
Mesh: Devices are connected in a mesh-like pattern, allowing for multiple paths for data transmission.
The choice of network topology depends on various factors such as the network size, scalability, fault tolerance, cost, and performance requirements. Different topologies offer different advantages and disadvantages in terms of efficiency, redundancy, and ease of management.